Readings on Nineteenth-Century Turkey
Restructuring of the State Apparatus in Early Nineteenth Century
- Salzmann, Ariel, "Introduction: Tocqueville's Ghost," in her Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004), pp.1-30.
- Yaycıoğlu, Ali, "Introduction," to his Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016), pp.1-15.
- Yaycıoğlu, Ali, "Revolutions de Constantinople: France and the Ottoman World in the Age of Revolutions," in Patricia M. E. Lorcin and Todd Shepard (eds.), French Mediterraneans: Transnational and Imperial Histories (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), pp.21-51.
- Zürcher, Erik J., "Between Tradition and Innovation: Sultan Selim III and the 'New Order,' 1789-1807," Chapter 2 of his Turkey: A Modern History, 4th edition (London: I. B. Tauris, 2017), pp.15-23.
Turkey at the Start of the Age of Revolution
- Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya, "Ottoman Attempts to Define the Rebels during The Greek War of Independence," Studia Islamica, 114 (2019), pp.316-354.
- Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya, "'Why Would We Be Limberte?': Liberté in the Ottoman Empire, 1792-1798," Turcica, 51 (2020), pp.219-252.
- Malhasyan Silvart and Aysel Yıldız, "Bir Rahibin Kaleminden Alemdar Mustafa PaÅŸa'nın Sarrafı Manuk Mirzayan Bey," Cihannüma, 3/1 (July 2017), pp.123-172.
- Millas, Herkül, "19. Yüzyıl BaÅŸlarında 'Yunanistan,'" in his Yunan Ulusunun DoÄŸuÅŸu (Ä°stanbul: Ä°letiÅŸim Yayınları, 1994), pp.57-85.
- Åžakul, Kahraman, "Adriyatik'te Yakobinler: Mehmed Åžakir Efendi'nin 'Takrir-Gûne' Takriri," Kebikeç, No.33 (2012), pp.231-249.
- YeÅŸil, Fatih, "Looking at the French Revolution through Ottoman Eyes: Ebubekir Ratib Efendi's Observations," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 70/2 (June 2007), pp.283-304.
- Villalba, María López, "Balkanizing the French Revolution: Rhigas' New Political Constitution," in Dimitris Tziovas (ed.), Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp.141-154.
- Yıldız, Aysel, "Introduction," to her Crisis and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire: The Downfall of a Sultan in the Age of Revolution (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2017), pp.1-16.
- Yılmaz, Hüseyin, "From Serbestiyet to Hürriyet: Ottoman Statesmen and the Question of Freedom during the Late Enlightenment," Studia Islamica, 111/2 (2016), pp.202-230.
The First Serbian Uprising, 1804-1813
- Anscombe, Frederick F., "The Balkan Revolutionary Age," The Journal of Modern History, 84/3 (September 2012), pp.572-606.
- Aslantaş, Selim, "Sırp İsyanı'nın Uluslararası Boyutu, 1804-1813," Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6/21 (Spring 2009), pp.109-136.
- AslantaÅŸ, Selim, "Sırp KnezliÄŸi'nde Ä°ktidar Mücadelesi: 1838 Türk Anayasası'nın (Turski Ustav) Ä°lânı, Büyük Güçler ve Osmanlı Devleti," Cumhuriyet Tarihi AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, 9/17 (Spring 2013), pp.3-27.
- Bataković, Dušan T., "A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective," Balcanica, 36 (2005), pp.113-128.
- Djokić, Dejan, "Revolution, 1788-1858," Chapter 4 of his A Concise History of Serbia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2023), pp.204-274.
- Jelavich, Charles and Barbara Jelavich, "The Serbian Revolution," Chapter 2 of their The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp.26-37.
- Narochnitskii, A. L., "The Nature and Significance of the First Serbian Insurrection, 1804-1813," Soviet Studies in History, 20/4 (1982), pp.13-46.
The Greek Independence, 1821-1833
- Chalkiadakis, Emmanouil, "Reconsidering The Past: Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V and the Greek Revolution of 1821," Synthesis: Scientific ejournal of the Faculty of Theology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 6/1 (2017), pp.177-204.
- Dakin, Douglas, "The Formation of the Greek State, 1821-33," in Richard Clogg (ed.), The Struggle for the Greek Independence: Essays to Mark the 150th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence (London: The Macmillan Press, 1973), pp.156-181.
- Jelavich, Charles and Barbara Jelavich, "The Greek Revolution," Chapter 3 of their The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp.38-52.
- Millas, Herkül, "Velestinli Regas," in his Yunan Ulusunun DoÄŸuÅŸu (Ä°stanbul: Ä°letiÅŸim Yayınları, 1994), pp.87-122.
- Skiotis, Dennis N., "The Greek Revolution: Ali Pasha's Last Gamble," in Nikiforos P. Diamandouros, John P. Anton, John A. Petropoulos and Peter Topping (eds.), Hellenism and the First Greek War of Liberation (1821-1830): Continuity and Change (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1976), pp.97-109.
Mehmed Ali Pasha and Egypt
- Fahmy, Khaled, "The Era of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, 1805-1848," in M. W. Daly (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.139-179.
- Fahmy, Khaled, "Expanding Horizons," Chapter 5 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.61-78.
- Fahmy, Khaled, "The Final Showdown," Chapter 6 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.79-98.
- Fahmy, Khaled, "Triumph," Chapter 7 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.99-111.
- Kırlı, Cengiz, "Temalar," in his Sultan ve Kamuoyu: Osmanlı ModernleÅŸme Sürecinde 'Havadis Jurnalleri,' 1840-1844 (Ä°stanbul: Türkiye Ä°ÅŸ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2009), pp.45-94.
- Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41: Part 1, 1830-39," The Journal of Modern History, 1/4 (December 1929), pp.570-593.
- Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41: Part 2, 1839-41," The Journal of Modern History, 2/2 (June 1930), pp.193-225.
Foreign Interest and Intervention into Turkish Affairs
- Bailey, Frank Edgar, "Britain's New Interest in Turkey, 1833," Chapter 1 of his British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), pp.39-62.
- Dönmez, Ahmet, "Tarihsel Süreçte Ä°ngiltere'nin Osmanlı Politikası, 1579-1833," Chapter 1 of his Osmanlı ModernleÅŸmesinde Ä°ngiliz Etkisi: Diplomasi ve Reform, 1833-1841 (Ä°stanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2014), pp.23-64.
- Mansel, Philip, "Alexandria: Bid for Empire," Chapter 5 of his Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011), pp.75-90.
- Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Conversations on Anglo-Russian Relations in 1838," The English Historical Review, 50/197 (January 1935), pp.120-123.
- Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "The Views of Palmerston and Metternich on the Eastern Question in 1834," The English Historical Review, 45 (1930), pp.627-640.
- Šedivý, Miroslav, "Metternich and the Ottoman Reform Movement," European Review of History, 18/4 (August 2011), pp.427.441.
The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman and After
- Bailey, Frank E., "The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 1825-50," The Journal of Modern History, 12/4 (December 1940), pp.449-484.
- DurmuÅŸ, Necmettin, "Baltalimanı Ticaret AntlaÅŸması'nda Mustafa ReÅŸid PaÅŸa'nın Rolü," Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, No.40 (Spring 2024), pp.63-82.
- Frangakis-Syrett, Elena, "Implementation of the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Convention on Ä°zmir's Trade: European and Minority Merchants," New Perspectives on Turkey, No.7 (Spring 1992), pp.91-112.
- Pamuk, Åževket, "150. Yılında Baltalimanı Ticaret AntlaÅŸması," in his Seçme Eserleri, II: Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete KüreselleÅŸme, Ä°ktisat Poltikaları ve Büyüme (Ä°stanbul: Türkiye Ä°ÅŸ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008), pp.29-37.
- Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston's Policy for the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1839-1841," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 12 (1929), pp.163-192.
The Rescript of Gülhane, 1839
- Anscombe, Frederick F., "Islam and the Age of Ottoman Reform," Past & Present, No.208 (August 2010), pp.159-189.
- Bailey, Frank Edgar, "Palmerston and Turkish Reform, 1834-1839," Chapter 4 of his British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), pp.129-178.
- Bailey, Frank Edgar, "Reform as Good Policy," Chapter 5 of his British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), pp.179-205.
- Eldem, Edhem, "Tanzimat Hatt-ı Hümayunu'nu (1839) BaÅŸtan Okuma," Tarih ve Toplum – Yeni Yaklaşımlar, No.20 (Fall 2022), pp.9-97.
- Novichev, A. D., "1839 Gülhane Hatt-ı Hûmayunu ve Dış Politikadaki Boyutları," Ä°lmî AraÅŸtırmalar, 5 (1997), pp.279-289.
Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876
- Davison, Roderic H., "The Hatt-ı Hümayun of 1856 and the Climate of Its Reception," Chapter 2 of his Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp.52-80.
- Davison, Roderic H., "Reform and Conspiracy, 1856-1861: Âli, Fuad, and Kıbrıslı Mehmed," Chapter 3 of his Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp.81-113.
- Gücüm, Kuntay, "Diplomasi ve Islahat," Chapter 2 of his Ä°mparatorluÄŸun 'Liberal' Yılları, 1856-1870 (Ä°stanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2015), pp.58-129.
Financial Crisis of the 1850's and The Imperial Ottoman Bank
- Anderson, Olive, "Great Britain and the Beginnings of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1854-1855," The Historical Journal, 7/1 (1964), pp.47-63.
- Autheman, André, "Abdülmecid Devrinde Osmanlı Ä°mparatorluÄŸu Maliyesi," Chapter 1 of his Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Osmanlı Bankası: Bank-ı Osmanî-i Åžahane [translated by Ali Berktay] (Istanbul: Osmanlı Bankası ArÅŸiv ve AraÅŸtırma Merkezi, 2002), pp.15-32.
- Autheman, André, "Osmanlı Bankası'nın [Bank-ı Osmanî-i Åžahane] KuruluÅŸu," Chapter 2 of his Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Osmanlı Bankası: Bank-ı Osmanî-i Åžahane [translated by Ali Berktay] (Istanbul: Osmanlı Bankası ArÅŸiv ve AraÅŸtırma Merkezi, 2002), pp.33-43.
- Autheman, André, "Osmanlı Bankası'nın BaÅŸlangıç Evresi," Chapter 3 of his Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Osmanlı Bankası: Bank-ı Osmanî-i Åžahane [translated by Ali Berktay] (Istanbul: Osmanlı Bankası ArÅŸiv ve AraÅŸtırma Merkezi, 2002), pp.45-66.
- Baster, Albert, "The Origins of British Banking Expansion in the Near East," The Economic History Review, 5/1 (October 1934), pp.76-86.
- Clay, Christopher, "The National Bank Concession, 1856-63," Chapter 1 of his Gold for the Sultan: Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance, 1856-1881 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2000), pp.14-86.
- Geyikdağı, V. Necla, "Foreign Capital: Borrowing," Chapter 2 in her Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations, 1854-1914 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2011), pp.29-52.
Constitution of 1876
- Aydın, Midhat, "Ä°stanbul Konferansı (1876)'na Giden Yolda Ä°ngiltere'nin 'DoÄŸu' Politikası," Pamukkale Üniversitesi EÄŸitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17/17 (2005), pp.59-66.
- Baykal, Bekir Sıtkı, "93 Meşrutiyeti," Belleten, 6/21-22 (1942), pp.45-83.
- Sönmez, Erdem, "From Kanun-ı Kadim (Ancient Law) to Umumun Kuvveti (Force of People): Historical Context of the Ottoman Contitutionalism," Middle Eastern Studies, 52/1 (2016), pp.116-134.
Financial Insolvency and the Ottoman Public Debt Administration
- Akarlı, Engin D., "Economic Policy and Budgets in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1909," Middle Eastern Studies, 28/3 (July 1992), pp.443-476.
- Birdal, Murat, "Ottoman Borrowing in the Pre-OPDA Period: The Path to the Decree of Muharrem," Chapter 2 of his The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century (London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2010), pp.17-62.
- Blaisdell, Donald C., "The Background of the Borrowing," Chapter 2 of his European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire: A Study of the Establishment, Activities, and Significance of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt (New York: Columbia University Press, 1929), pp.9-26.
- Blaisdell, Donald C., "Increasing Ottoman Indebtedness," Chapter 3 of his European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire: A Study of the Establishment, Activities, and Significance of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt (New York: Columbia University Press, 1929), pp.27-46.
- Pamuk, Åževket, "The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873-1896," The Journal of Economic History, 44/1 (March 1984), pp.107-118.
- Aksu, Cevat, Dar-ı Åžura-yı Askeri: KuruluÅŸundan 1876 Yılına Kadar (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004)
- Beinin, Joel, "Ottoman Reform and European Imperialism, 1839-1907," Ch.2 of his Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp.44-70.
- BektaÅŸ, Yakup, "Sultan's Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegraphy, 1847-1880," Technology and Culture, 41/4 (October 2000), pp.669-696.
- Bonin, Hubert, "Europeanised French Bankers? (From the 1830s to the 1970s)," Business History, 56 (2014), pp.1312-1334.
- Çeliksu, Sinan, Siyaset Bilimi Yaklaşımı ile Polis Kurumu (Yükseklisans Tezi, UludaÄŸ Üniversitesi, 2006)
- Davison, Roderic H., "Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century," The American Historical Review, 59/4 (July 1954), pp.844-864.
- Deringil, Selim, "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35/1(January 1993), pp.3-29.
- Deringil, Selim, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1998)
- Emrence, Cem, "Imperial Paths, Big Comparisons: The Late Ottoman Empire," Journal of Global History, 3 (2008), pp.289-311.
- Emrence, "Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography,1950-2007," Middle East Association Bulletin, 41/2 (Winter 2007), pp.137-151.
- Ergut, Ferdan, State and Social Control: The Police in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Republican Turkey, 1839-1939 (Ph.D. Dissertation, New School for Social Research, 1999)
- Göçek, F. Müge, "Ethnic Segmentatiton, Western Education, and Political Outcomes: Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Society," Poetics Today, 14/3 (Autumn 1993), pp.507-538.
- Karaman, K. Kıvanç and Åževket Pamuk, "Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914," The Journal of Economic History, 70 (2010), pp.593-629.
- Levy, Avigdor, "The Officer Corps in Sultan Mahmud II's New Ottoman Army, 1826-1839," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2 (1971), pp.21-39.
- Schull, Kent Fielding, Penal Institutions, Nation-state Construction, and Modernity in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1908-1919 (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 2007)
- Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6/4 (October 1975), pp.421-459.
- Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nizam-ı Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807," Oriens, 18-19 (1965-1966), pp.168-184.
- Silvera, Alain, "The First Egyptian Student Mission to France under Muhammad Ali," Middle Eastern Studies, 16/2 (May 1980), pp.1-22.
- Åžen, Hasan, The Transformation of the Politics of Punishment and the Birth of Prison in the Ottoman Empire, 1845-1910 (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, BoÄŸaziçi Üniversitesi, 2005)
- Weiker, Walter F., "The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform," Administrative Science Quarterly, 13/3 (December 1968), pp.451-470.