Readings on Nineteenth-Century Turkey

Restructuring of the State Apparatus in Early Nineteenth Century

• Salzmann, Ariel, "Introduction: Tocqueville's Ghost," in her Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004), pp.1-30.
• YaycıoÄŸlu, Ali, "Introduction," to his Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016), pp.1-15.
• YaycıoÄŸlu, Ali, "Revolutions de Constantinople: France and the Ottoman World in the Age of Revolutions," in Patricia M. E. Lorcin and Todd Shepard (eds.), French Mediterraneans: Transnational and Imperial Histories (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), pp.21-51.
• Zürcher, Erik J., "Between Tradition and Innovation: Sultan Selim III and the 'New Order,' 1789-1807," Chapter Two of his Turkey: A Modern History, 4th edition (London: I. B. Tauris, 2017), pp.15-23.

Turkey at the Start of the Age of Revolution

• Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya, "Ottoman Attempts to Define the Rebels during The Greek War of Independence," Studia Islamica, 114 (2019), pp.316-354.
• Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya, "'Why Would We Be Limberte?': Liberté in the Ottoman Empire, 1792-1798," Turcica, 51 (2020), pp.219-252.
• Malhasyan Silvart and Aysel Yıldız, "Bir Rahibin Kaleminden Alemdar Mustafa PaÅŸa'nın Sarrafı Manuk Mirzayan Bey," Cihannüma, 3/1 (July 2017), pp.123-172.
• Millas, Herkül, "19. Yüzyıl BaÅŸlarında 'Yunanistan,'" in his Yunan Ulusunun DoÄŸuÅŸu (Ä°stanbul: Ä°letiÅŸim Yayınları, 1994), pp.57-85.
• Åžakul, Kahraman, "Adriyatik'te Yakobinler: Mehmed Åžakir Efendi'nin 'Takrir-Gûne' Takriri," Kebikeç, No.33 (2012), pp.231-249.
• YeÅŸil, Fatih, "Looking at the French Revolution through Ottoman Eyes: Ebubekir Ratib Efendi's Observations," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 70/2 (June 2007), pp.283-304.
• Villalba, María López, "Balkanizing the French Revolution: Rhigas' New Political Constitution," in Dimitris Tziovas (ed.), Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp.141-154.
• Yıldız, Aysel, "Introduction," to her Crisis and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire: The Downfall of a Sultan in the Age of Revolution (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2017), pp.1-16.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin, "From Serbestiyet to Hürriyet: Ottoman Statesmen and the Question of Freedom during the Late Enlightenment," Studia Islamica, 111/2 (2016), pp.202-230.

The First Serbian Uprising, 1804-1813

• Anscombe, Frederick F., "The Balkan Revolutionary Age," The Journal of Modern History, 84/3 (September 2012), pp.572-606.
• AslantaÅŸ, Selim, "Sırp Ä°syanı'nın Uluslararası Boyutu, 1804-1813," Uluslararası Ä°liÅŸkiler, 6/21 (Spring 2009), pp.109-136.
• AslantaÅŸ, Selim, "Sırp KnezliÄŸi'nde Ä°ktidar Mücadelesi: 1838 Türk Anayasası'nın (Turski Ustav) Ä°lânı, Büyük Güçler ve Osmanlı Devleti," Cumhuriyet Tarihi AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, 9/17 (Spring 2013), pp.3-27.
• Bataković, Dušan T., "A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective," Balcanica, 36 (2005), pp.113-128.
• Djokić, Dejan, "Revolution, 1788-1858," Chapter 4 of his A Concise History of Serbia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2023), pp.204-274.
• Jelavich, Charles and Barbara Jelavich, "The Serbian Revolution," Chapter 2 of their The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp.26-37.
• Narochnitskii, A. L., "The Nature and Significance of the First Serbian Insurrection, 1804-1813," Soviet Studies in History, 20/4 (1982), pp.13-46.

The Greek Independence, 1821-1833

• Chalkiadakis, Emmanouil, "Reconsidering The Past: Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V and the Greek Revolution of 1821," Synthesis: Scientific ejournal of the Faculty of Theology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 6/1 (2017), pp.177-204.
• Dakin, Douglas, "The Formation of the Greek State, 1821-33," in Richard Clogg (ed.), The Struggle for the Greek Independence: Essays to Mark the 150th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence (London: The Macmillan Press, 1973), pp.156-181.
• Jelavich, Charles and Barbara Jelavich, "The Greek Revolution," Chapter 3 of their The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp.38-52.
• Millas, Herkül, "Velestinli Regas," in his Yunan Ulusunun DoÄŸuÅŸu (Ä°stanbul: Ä°letiÅŸim Yayınları, 1994), pp.87-122.
• Skiotis, Dennis N., "The Greek Revolution: Ali Pasha's Last Gamble," in Nikiforos P. Diamandouros, John P. Anton, John A. Petropoulos and Peter Topping (eds.), Hellenism and the First Greek War of Liberation (1821-1830): Continuity and Change (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1976), pp.97-109.

Mehmed Ali Pasha and Egypt

• Fahmy, Khaled, "The Era of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, 1805-1848," in M. W. Daly (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.139-179.
• Fahmy, Khaled, "Expanding Horizons," Chapter 5 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.61-78.
• Fahmy, Khaled, "The Final Showdown," Chapter 6 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.79-98.
• Fahmy, Khaled, "Triumph," Chapter 7 of his Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), pp.99-111.
• Kırlı, Cengiz, "Temalar," in his Sultan ve Kamuoyu: Osmanlı ModernleÅŸme Sürecinde 'Havadis Jurnalleri,' 1840-1844 (Ä°stanbul: Türkiye Ä°ÅŸ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2009), pp.45-94.
• Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41: Part 1, 1830-39," The Journal of Modern History, 1/4 (December 1929), pp.570-593.
• Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41: Part 2, 1839-41," The Journal of Modern History, 2/2 (June 1930), pp.193-225.

Foreign Interest and Intervention into Turkish Affairs

• Bailey, Frank Edgar, "Britain's New Interest in Turkey, 1833," Chapter 1 of his British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), pp.39-62.
• Dönmez, Ahmet, "Tarihsel Süreçte Ä°ngiltere'nin Osmanlı Politikası, 1579-1833," Chapter 1 of his Osmanlı ModernleÅŸmesinde Ä°ngiliz Etkisi: Diplomasi ve Reform, 1833-1841 (Ä°stanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2014), pp.23-64.
• Mansel, Philip, "Alexandria: Bid for Empire," Chapter 5 of his Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011), pp.75-90.
• Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Conversations on Anglo-Russian Relations in 1838," The English Historical Review, 50/197 (January 1935), pp.120-123.
• Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "The Views of Palmerston and Metternich on the Eastern Question in 1834," The English Historical Review, 45 (1930), pp.627-640.
• Šedivý, Miroslav, "Metternich and the Ottoman Reform Movement," European Review of History, 18/4 (August 2011), pp.427.441.

The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman and After

• Bailey, Frank E., "The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 1825-50," The Journal of Modern History, 12/4 (December 1940), pp.449-484.
• DurmuÅŸ, Necmettin, "Baltalimanı Ticaret AntlaÅŸması'nda Mustafa ReÅŸid PaÅŸa'nın Rolü," Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat AraÅŸtırmaları Dergisi, No.40 (Spring 2024), pp.63-82.
• Frangakis-Syrett, Elena, "Implementation of the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Convention on Ä°zmir's Trade: European and Minority Merchants," New Perspectives on Turkey, No.7 (Spring 1992), pp.91-112.
• Pamuk, Åževket, "150. Yılında Baltalimanı Ticaret AntlaÅŸması," in his Seçme Eserleri, II: Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete KüreselleÅŸme, Ä°ktisat Poltikaları ve Büyüme (Ä°stanbul: Türkiye Ä°ÅŸ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008), pp.29-37.
• Rodkey, Frederick Stanley, "Lord Palmerston's Policy for the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1839-1841," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 12 (1929), pp.163-192.

• Akarlı, Engin D., "Economic Policy and Budgets in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1909," Middle Eastern Studies, 28/3 (July 1992), pp.443-476.
• Aksu, Cevat, Dar-ı Åžura-yı Askeri: KuruluÅŸundan 1876 Yılına Kadar (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004)
• Anderson, Olive, "Great Britain and the Beginnings of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1854-1855," The Historical Journal, 7/1 (1964), pp.47-63.
• Anscombe, Frederick F., "Islam and the Age of Ottoman Reform," Past & Present, No.208 (August 2010), pp.159-189.
• Balla, Eliana and Noel D. Johnson, "Fiscal Crisis and Institutional Change in the Ottoman Empire and France," The Journal of Economic History, 69/3 (September 2009), pp.809-845.
• Baster, Albert, "The Origins of British Banking Expansion in the Near East," The Economic History Review, 5/1 (October 1934), pp.76-86.
• Beinin, Joel, "Ottoman Reform and European Imperialism, 1839-1907," Ch.2 of his Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp.44-70.
• BektaÅŸ, Yakup, "Sultan's Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegraphy, 1847-1880," Technology and Culture, 41/4 (October 2000), pp.669-696.
• Birdal, Murat, The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century (London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2010)
• Bonin, Hubert, "Europeanised French Bankers? (From the 1830s to the 1970s)," Business History, 56 (2014), pp.1312-1334.
• Çeliksu, Sinan, Siyaset Bilimi Yaklaşımı ile Polis Kurumu (Yükseklisans Tezi, UludaÄŸ Üniversitesi, 2006)
• Davison, Roderic H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Part 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp.1-233.
• Davison, Roderic H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Part 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), p.234-479.
• Davison, Roderic H., "Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century," The American Historical Review, 59/4 (July 1954), pp.844-864.
• Deringil, Selim, "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35/1(January 1993), pp.3-29.
• Deringil, Selim, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1998)
• Emrence, Cem, "Imperial Paths, Big Comparisons: The Late Ottoman Empire," Journal of Global History, 3 (2008), pp.289-311.
• Emrence, "Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography,1950-2007," Middle East Association Bulletin, 41/2 (Winter 2007), pp.137-151.
• Ergut, Ferdan, State and Social Control: The Police in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Republican Turkey, 1839-1939 (Ph.D. Dissertation, New School for Social Research, 1999)
• Göçek, F. Müge, "Ethnic Segmentatiton, Western Education, and Political Outcomes: Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Society," Poetics Today, 14/3 (Autumn 1993), pp.507-538.
• Karaman, K. Kıvanç and Åževket Pamuk, "Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914," The Journal of Economic History, 70 (2010), pp.593-629.
• Levy, Avigdor, "The Officer Corps in Sultan Mahmud II's New Ottoman Army, 1826-1839," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2 (1971), pp.21-39.
• Pamuk, Åževket, "The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873-1896," The Journal of Economic History, 44/1 (March 1984), pp.107-118.
• Schull, Kent Fielding, Penal Institutions, Nation-state Construction, and Modernity in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1908-1919 (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 2007)
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6/4 (October 1975), pp.421-459.
• Shaw, Stanford J., "The Nizam-ı Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807," Oriens, 18-19 (1965-1966), pp.168-184.
• Silvera, Alain, "The First Egyptian Student Mission to France under Muhammad Ali," Middle Eastern Studies, 16/2 (May 1980), pp.1-22.
• Åžen, Hasan, The Transformation of the Politics of Punishment and the Birth of Prison in the Ottoman Empire, 1845-1910 (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, BoÄŸaziçi Üniversitesi, 2005)


• Weiker, Walter F., "The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform," Administrative Science Quarterly, 13/3 (December 1968), pp.451-470.